Thursday, October 31, 2019

Watch the film A Taste of Honey (1961). Analyze the film as a work of Movie Review

Watch the film A Taste of Honey (1961). Analyze the film as a work of Kitchen Sink Realism and discuss the work in light of questions of class, gender and race in 1950s Britain - Movie Review Example The director has been very clever in handling the movie because body language says more than meet the words. Tony Richardson is also known for producing other movies like Jean Giraudx’s The Apollo of Bellac. He won an Academy award in 1964 for Best Director of the film Tom Jones. Dora Bryan (Helena), Jo’s mother, is a very selfish woman who is in constant pursuit of her own happiness. You can tell this by the way she combs her hair, puts on her lipstick or light the cigarette. Dora Bryan is also known for her role in Absolutely Fabulous. She won BAFTA awards as Best Actress in A Taste of Honey. Rita Tushingham, also known as Jo, plays the role of an adolescent girl who is also a working class. Her wide eyes show a mixture of fear and innocence. She is aware of her mother’s lack of love and she expresses this by bending her shoulders. She generally carries the weight of being unwanted. Rita Tushingham is known for her supporting roles in The Knack, Doctor Zhivago, just to mention a few. She was nominated Best Actress (BAFTA) in 1966 and also in 1962 Most Promising Newcomer for her role in ‘A Taste of Honey’. This movie is all about black and white people, gay and straight, mothers and daughters. Jo is a 17-year old school girl who lives wither promiscuous and domineering mother, Helen. Jo was longing for love and attention from her mother only for things to get worse between the two of them when her mother enters into a new relationship. This latest ‘romance’ drives Jo out of their apartment and she finds herself in the streets. She later spends the night with a black sailor who ended up impregnating her. Jo’s mother decides to abandon her and move in with her lover after which Jo finds a job and a room for herself. She then meets Geoffrey co-worker who is a shy and lonely homosexual and they agree to share a flat. She discovers later that she is pregnant with the sailor’s child and Geoffrey returns a favor by caring for

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Columbine High School Essay Example for Free

Columbine High School Essay You are a sociologist who is interested in studying school violence. Describe how you might approach the study of this phenomenon as a functionalist, a conflict theorist and a symbolic interaction’. â€Å"Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do that.† Martin Luther King Jr. The problem we are facing today with violence in the schools is a major concern with communities everywhere. School violence has escalated from one-on-one weaponless fights for personal disagreements with said person; this is no longer the case. Due to the outward influences of media, video games, and society in general, this has escalated into all-out, deadly weapon assaults on innocent lives for reasons they themselves are usually unaware for example Columbine High School massacre and Montreal, Canada shooting. Sociologist; however have developed different approaches to evaluate the phenomenon through different perspective; functionalist, conflict theorist and symbolic integrationist, which would be aptly discussed in the proceeding paragraphs. Functionalist look at the implications of crime and control polices rather than directly trying to explain the causes of the behavior. According to Parson Model a social system consist of mutually dependant parts, parts contributing to functioning of system and moving equilibrium. However pertaining to the issue of school violence, I would, following the functionalist perspective look at school violence as way to return to stability within a society thus keeping proper balance . Therefore I would view it as a positive, because the disturbance (school violence) exists more dangerously it encourages the society to come up with better solutions to elevate the problem so it encourages progress. For examples the Columbine Massac with occurred lead to new ideas to combat school violence .A number of new programs were introduced, emphasis was placed on better parenting skills, keeping guns out of hands of kids ,better school security, more counseling programs and bett3er preventative measure, etc. When these methods were implemented no action to that extreme occurred within that society so their fore the youth violence was reduced and the society moved and the society in return became a better place and progress was made. Conflict perspective holds that stratification is dysfunctional and harmful in society, with inequality  perpetuated because it benefits the rich and powerful at the expense of the poor. A struggle for dominance among competing social groups (classes, genders, races, religions, etc.). When conflict theorists look at society, they see the social domination of subordinate groups through the power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups. As it results to school violence using the conflict theorist approach, I would say the violence will only exist at level of exploitation and unworthy or treated unfairly compared to other children they felt a level of inequality and they reacted in a way to gain power over the people who inflicted pain upon them. For example let’s take the Columbine shooting, according to the conflict theorist perspective say that the shootings were inevitable as the exploited, bullied kids eventually had enough and rose up against the bourgeoisie, or the kids that did the bullying. Eric Harris one of the boys who participated the shooting opened his journal with the words I hate the fing world. Showing high levels of hatred to which he portrayed, he wanted to get back at every one who did him wrong. After analyzing the two individual’s journals it was clear cut that they both had problem with society and somehow they did them something which infiltrated this hate for them. So we can see the reason for them to perform these atrocious acts were to gain a sense of dominances in their mind over these people. When doing the act we see the boys smiling while people were being hurting showing a sign of relief in their face and sense of happiness to them that they revenge to the world for inflicting so much of pain upon them. Analyzing them for a conflict theorist point of view I would say the reason for the boys committing suicide after was to get away from everything they already accomplished the goal they wanted so they decided to end their life what more is there to live for when victory was served? Symbolic integrationist view relies on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction. Thus, society is thought to be socially constructed through human interpretation. Symbolic interaction view school violence as

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Case Study of Nuclear Disaster | Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant

Case Study of Nuclear Disaster | Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant 1. Abstract This assignment purpose is to do analysis case studies and the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The purpose of this work is for students to use the appropriate method to verify each problem. To study a range of industries (EAT221), there are several levels of courses. In order to complete this news report, the instructor provides the learning needs of students. It also describes how to improve the Tokyo electric power company management of nuclear power plants, manufacturing and safety. Students study was to create recommendations on the basis of this report the nuclear disaster. This case study is one way to measure the impact or accidents related to the theme of the students in the classroom effectively. In addition, we recommend that the case study, students will analyze the problem in an appropriate way. Introduction Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant also known as Fukushima Dai-ichi is located on a 3.5-square-kilometre (860-acre) between the towns of Futaba and Okuma of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The plant consists of six boiling water reactors (BWR). These light water reactors drove electrical generators with a combined power of 4.7 GW, making Fukushima Daiichi one of the 15 largest nuclear power stations in the world. First nuclear power plant was designed, built, and was run in conjunction with General Electric, Boise, and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). March 11, 2011, the 9.0 earthquake and followed by a not expected tsunami to hit at the power plant factory in Japan cause a major damage to the plant. It trigger the evacuation zone of 30 km around the plant which would lead to nuclear radiation leak. The earthquake and tsunami has disabled the cooling system of the nuclear reactor. As of April 2012, Units 1-4 are no longer in operation. In Unit 1 to shut down on April 20, unit 2-4, closed on April 19, 2012 while was the last of these four units. It was the most powerful disaster that have been hit the country so far. It has resulted in a massive tsunami that destroyed many towns and villages, nearly have led to 20 000 people death. 3. Man-Made Disaster From the natural disaster, 9.0 earthquake followed by a tsunami it was truly unfortunately become a man-made disaster when the nuclear reactor melt-function cause many death in the country. The power plant shouldnt have shut down automatically when the earthquake happen because when the plant was build it already have been consider to avoid this accident happen when the natural disaster happen. Japanese parliamentary panel challenged claims by the plants operator, Tokyo Electric Power (Tepco), that the triple meltdown at the plant in north-east Japan had been caused solely by a 14-metre tsunami on 11 March last year. The panel said the magnitude-9 earthquake that preceded the waves could not be ruled out as a cause of the accident. It accused Tepco and regulators at the nuclear and industrial safety agency of failing to take adequate safety measures, despite evidence that the area was susceptible to powerful earthquakes and tsunamis. Since 2006, the regulators and Tepco were aware of the risk that a total outage of electricity at the Fukushima Daiichi plant might occur if a tsunami were to reach the level of the site. But it accused Tepco of ignoring warnings going as far back as 2006 that a tsunami could cause a blackout at the plant. (Acton J.M. Hibbs M, March 2012) It is unknown how TEPCO plans to use broken and damaged reactors but they risk damaging the worlds environment to save money and in their greed and stupidity- they could blow us all up. the dangers of nuclear power -it is not cheap and it is highly dangerous especially when you do not study geography very well. The fact that these nuclear plants were wrongly built on a fault line makes it further a danger to the world and not only Japan. In February 2011, Japans regulatory approval to extend the 10 years of continuous operation of the reactor. It is in the northeast in 2011 a major earthquake and tsunami damage. TEPCO bears critical responsibilities to society as a nuclear operator primarily responsible for nuclear power plant safety. Nevertheless, TEPCO was not sufficiently prepared for such an accident, that natural disasters including tsunami may lead to large-scale core damage. Furthermore, TEPCO had not taken adequate preparedness for tsunami risks beyond design basis at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS. Industrial process and operation of the Fukushima nuclear plant. The reactors for Units 1, 2, and 6 were supplied by General Electric, those for Units 3 and 5 byToshiba, and Unit 4 by Hitachi. All six reactors were designed by General Electric. Architectural design for General Electrics units was done by Ebasco. All construction was done by Kajima. Since September 2010, Unit 3 has been fueled by a small fraction (6%) of plutonium containing mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, rather than the low enriched uranium (LEU) used in the other reactors. Units 1-5 were built with Mark type (light bulb torus) containment structures. 460 MW boiling water reactors was constructed in July 1967 name Unit 1(BWR-3). Electric start commercial production on March 26, 1971, it originally had been scheduled to shut down in early 2011. Unit 1 is designed for peak acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and based on the 1952 Kern County earthquake response spectra of ground motion for 0.498 g Unit 6 Unit design basis, but rated at 0.45 g(4.41 m / S2) and 0.46 g (4.48 m/s2). In 1978, the Miyagi Prefecture earthquake ground acceleration of 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, check each unit, but found no damage to the key part of the reactor. The design basis tsunami is 5.7 m. An important part of the reactors emergency diesel generators and DC batteries, helps to keep the reactor cool in case of power failure, located in the basement of the reactor turbine room. Plan designated by the General Electric Company generators and batteries placed in the position of the reactor design, but the concern of the construction work of the mid-level engineers factory, which makes backup power systems vulnerable to flooding. Tokyo Electric Power Company elected to strictly follow the design of the General Electric Company, the construct ion of the reactors. How nuclear power station produce electricity? Basically, all power stations use the same method to produce electricity. A turbine rotation is the main as generating electricity. The generator is attached to the shaft of the turbine and turbine turns, electricity will produced in by generator. Electricity is transmitted via a transmission line to the station power distribution agency. In a hydroelectric power plant, the turbine is turned by running water. In thermal power plants, steam is produced by heating the water with the coal and oil burning furnace. In the nuclear power plant, steam is generated by the heat with fission process. Cross-section sketch of a typical BWR Mark I containment, as used in Units 1 to 5. The reactor core (1) consists of fuel rods and moderator rods (39) which are moved in and out by the device (31). Around the pressure vessel (8), there is an outer containment (19) which is closed by a concrete plug (2). When fuel rods are moved in or out, the crane (26) will move this plug to the pool for facilities (3). Steam from the dry well (11) can move to the wet well (24) through jet nozzles (14) to condense there (18). In the spent fuel pool (5), the used fuel rods (27) are stored. How to control the nuclear power plant to generate electricity? Control the operation of the nuclear plant involves two things. Namely the power control generation to maintain the secure and stable level, secondly is to shutdown of the reactor very quickly if needed. In MAPS, the power is kept constant by the use of so-called adjusters. These are stainless steel rods. When these rods are introduced into the reactor vessel, the chain reaction and slows down the production of heat is reduced. If the control rods are slightly pulled out of the reactor vessel, and the chain reaction is the power level increases. When the shutdown is completely, the heavy water is discharged from the reactor vessel in a fraction of a second. In the absence of heavy water in the box, the chain reaction ceasestotally. What are the fuel requirements for a nuclear power station? Compared to the burning of coal, the fission process is far more efficient. One gram of fissionable uranium can produce a million times more heat than one gram of coal. At MAPS which produces 400 MW of electricity, only 20 kg of uranium fuel is required per day, i.e. about one truck load of fuel per month from Hyderabad where the fuel is produced. In comparison, a coal burning thermal power station of the same capacity would require about 2000 tonnes of coal daily, i.e. 2-3 train loads of coal to be transported everyday from the coal mines of Singareni over 1000km away. Also the coal has to be continuously fed to the furnace at the rate of 4 tonnes each minute. At MAPS, fresh fuel is charged into the reactor about once daily. 5. Impact of the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Society The emotional trauma of the devastating events in Japan is overwhelming. Radioactivity has been detected in nearly every state, whether it be in the air, rain water, food or in milk. The fear that arises from hearing about radioactivity being found nearby can cause increased stress and, sometimes, an overwhelming sense of loss of control. As for foods that may be imported from Japan, there are three safety nets in place so you can feel safe eating what you buy at the grocery store. The first safety net is the ban on importing food from within Japans evacuation zone (within about 20 kilometers of the nuclear reactors), the second safety net is Japans monitoring of other foods prior to leaving Japan, and the third safety net is the United States Department of Agriculture, which monitors and inspects our imported food. Ecology A rabbit born after the nuclear explosion was born with no ears and sending fear throughout the world of the mutations and deformities to come. The world has been exposed to very high amounts from five nuclear reactors in Sendai off of Japans east coast, and still to this day they are contaminating all of Japans farms, cities and lands with radioactive material-very dangerous and toxic to humans and animals. http://www.politicolnews.com/japan-nuclear-rabbit-born-with-no-ears/ Health According to a study by Stanford University in June 2012, 130 people died from (bound for estimator in the year is 1100 upper and 15 lower) cancer, and 180 radiation emission limit cancer cases (24 radiation exposure to the workers in the factory in. Japan, can lead to the death of up to 2-12 was predicted mainly there is a lower limit 1800) is a possibility. The emission radiation was an order of magnitude lower than that released from Chernobyl, about 80% of the radioactivity from Fukushima has been deposited on the Pacific Ocean. Precautions taken by the Japanese government may have to reduce the health effects of radiation emitting substantially. Radiation causes such as non-mandatory evacuation of about 600 people to death to be caused by such further has been reported. Evacuation procedures after the accident, may have reduced deaths from radiation by example 3-245 potentially, the best estimate is 28, the projected upper limit of the life that was saved from the shelter even i tself evacuation already is lower than the number of deaths caused by. Radiation exposure may cause 1,300 deaths worldwide and 2,500 cases of cancer in Japan. However, there is a bigger issue. The radiation emitted at Fukushima trigger transplant 16,000 people, which, according to the study, also caused mental illness and psychological impact on these people. Stress, fatigue and even being around other sick people are the main contributors to the mental health of many individuals during the evacuation. The study also identifies how these children are more susceptible to radiation because their cells are dividing more rapidly and radiation-damaged RNA may be brought in the younger generation of cells. In addition, DNA damage is also common among people with prolonged exposure to radiation through land, air and food. Actions taken by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) The roadmap shows the three phases leading up to the end of the decommissioning. Phase 1: In 2 years, begin the process of fuel removal from the spent fuel pools Phase 2: In 10 years, begin removing fuel debris (solidified fuels and claddings that had melted). Phase 3: In 30-40 years, complete fuel debris removal and the processing and disposal of radioactive waste. http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/fukushima-np/review/review3_1-e.html Improvement TEPCO have to reconsider including the condition of design flaws and the safety systems/measure after the Fukushima nuclear accident analysis and mitigation. TEPCO have to increase the knowledge management, safety culture, and regulatory oversight and the enforcement. Operator/technical people must know technical measurements in operating NPPs based on stress test results and Passive safety systems for nuclear power plant safety enhancement Study the advanced nuclear power plant with the existing design / passive security capabilities to prevent accidents Chernobyl / Fukushima-type Nuclear accident modeling and simulation and prevention action for disaster. Conclusion

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Essay

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlines how a society should be run under communism. The document provides truths to what is wrong with society; what causes these wrongs; how they can be fixed; and how this relates to humans and nature. Marx was a political philosopher of German ancestry. Marx and Engels split the document up into four sections: Section 1: Bourgeois and Proletarians, section 2: Proletarians and Communists, section 3: Socialists and Communist literature, and section 4: Positions of the Communists in relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties. The first section, Bourgeoisie and Proletarians, focuses on the struggle between the classes created in society. Marx refers back to the Middle Ages to show how complicated the class system was. â€Å"In the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (1) all made up different stratas of society. With all of these groups of different trades and economic stability, oppression was bound to happen. Society did not contain many groups and classes as in the middle ages. Society was formed from two basic groups, the Bourgeoisie and Proletarians. The bourgeoisie was a class constructed of people who owned property. These people were the wealthier half of society. The proletarians were those of the lowest class of society. Marx discusses how the bourgeoisie came to be such a strong member of society. This happened through the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution. New machinery changed all of industrial production. With these new advances, Marx describes that the middle class was destroyed and industrial millionaires resu... ...ss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The fourth and final section, Positions of the Communists in relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties, talks about how communists work with different parties. Marx describes their relationship by stating that they try to find parties that hold similar beliefs. Communists try to find parties that believe in power to the working class and believe in the overthrowing of the bourgeoisie. Marx concludes by saying that the working class must unite and use force to overcome oppressors. The Communist Manifesto, presents the basic beliefs of communism. Marx puts strong emphasis on the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletarians. Marx believes that the proletarians must come together by recognizing that they are all alike and fight the bourgeoisie. Once this happens, then such oppressors will not hold down society as the bourgeoisie.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Principles of Sociology Essay

In H. Spencer s Principles of Sociology, he likened society to an organism where its functions and characteristics such as growth, expansion, division and the like, he believed, also occurs in the society and social life, thus coining the term social organism. A novel, likewise takes the form of an organism according to Henry James. He argues in the Art of Fiction (a commentary to Walter Besant’s lecture in the royal institution) that a novel is a personal impression of life. The main issue of the article is representation and how writers should treat it. James clarified that representation takes two forms; one is the direct representation, which according to him is limiting, and another is representation based on a writer’s impression of the experience which he considers what the art of novel is all about. The reality â€Å"colored by the writer’s vision† is the reality of the novel. An organism he believes best describe the complexity of a novel because an organism has in itself the individuality and unity of functions. The totality of the organism is dependent upon both the independence and the unity of its parts. Similarly, Freese in â€Å"Henry James and the application of his theory in ‘What Maisie knew’† believes that James viewpoint is that â€Å"†¦ it is not possible to examine fiction only by its individual parts because these have to be seen as interacting elements. †(p. 2) James believes that the uniqueness of every novel is determined by the â€Å"liberty of interpretation† afforded by the author. The principles of form being dictated by convention only hamper the creation of the being that is the novel. The impression of reality, the personal process of making sense of an experience, is the ultimate measure of achieving the reality. Thus, a novel is not just a product but a creative process as in painting and the other arts where each step contributes to the wholeness of the craft. The writer has the power to determine the shape and complexity of the novel and ultimately the reality that the novel contains. All these elements, as in an organism is determined by a creator and his idea of representation.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Monopoly & monopolistic Essay

There are plenty of companies in America today that are controlled by a monopolistic market. Although there may be a few that are controlled as a monopoly market, while there are a few that are out there such as the Gas and Electric Company, SDG&E and the USPS. It can be difficult when you are going from a monopolistic firm to a monopoly only because the market is completely different from one another. When it comes to Wonks, there are plenty of beneficiaries when we analyze the differences of going from one to another. It is uncommon that a firm will go to a monopoly after being a monopolistic company. But as we dig deeper there can be some advantages as with anything there are disadvantages to the government, companies and society. As stated in our text the definition of the monopolistic is as follows, â€Å"A common form of industry (market) structure in the United States, characterized by a large number of firms, no barriers to entry, and product differentiation† (Case, pg. 304). When we look at a monopolistic company indicates that there are multiple types of the same type or similar companies that create the same product(s). This tends to be a common theme here in America. Wonks changed to a monopoly firm which resulted in â€Å"â€Å"An industry with a single firm that produces a product for which there are no close substitutes and in which significant barriers to entry prevent other firms from entering the industry to compete for profits† (Case, pg. 262). In a monopoly firm there is one main firm that manufactures the product and nobody else can replicate the product. Looking on the brighter side, there are plenty of advantages to having a monopoly company that could be beneficial for the government, other companies as well as customers. The government usually looks at a firm that is considered a monopoly and they are the ones who allow the sense of control over the company. They are able to come in the market as a monopoly with in fact this will allow for them to regulate the competition. For a company there are benefits as well to being a monopoly company. It requires for the company to have a huge amount of products on hand to make sure that they are meeting the customer’s needs. For a company to do that they would need to provide a bigger amount of capital in the production. This is because production cost takes a plunge simple fact that you are now producing in larger amounts. This may be a huge asset for a firm because it will now be lower in cost for the product to be produced. When we analyze price, the firm may have an option to increase or decrease the price depending on the situation. Since Wonk is the only company like itself, the customers have to pay the price that the company puts forth, or they have the choice of not purchasing their products. Lastly, for the customer’s standpoint, they have some advantages as well. A firm that tends to be as the monopoly firm can lower prices to get people in the door. Not always will the prices be low either. Now this is an advantage for one because now the consumer is getting the product at cheaper prices. When it comes to Wonks being a monopoly the government, companies as well as the customers can all benefit from it in one way or another. When looking at the two, a monopolistic and a monopoly firm the pricing and the producing for both are different. In this case the monopoly firms prices tend to be higher because they are the only company that manufactures the item or product. At any given time the company can increase and or decrease the prices when they want and the customers either can purchase the product or not at all. In a monopolistic company, their prices can differ from time to time given that there are many more companies with similar products. One thing to pay attention to is that not just one firm can change the prices because the customers can just simply go to another place to get a similar product at a cheaper price. For a monopoly company when it comes to producing product, it can be different to how prices are determined. For example, if the prices are lower, then more production is needed in order to keep up with consumer demands. We could also consider that the production may not change a whole lot in a monopoly because they are usually the only firm with that particular product. In this case if a customer wanted the item or product then they will pay whatever the manufacturer priced it out as. For a monopolistic company, production can change depending on the prices. If the companies prices happens to be high, consumers will not want to purchase items from this company. Customers do have a choice to shop around and go to another company. Some companies have particular market and target a certain group of individuals. This can be more beneficial to these types more than others. In my opinion, Wonks can benefit more from a monopoly. Considering my research, it appears that there are more opportunities for Wonks as a monopoly as oppose to a monopolistic firm. When a firm is part of a monopoly, they are able to control more of the sales to provide the necessary items for their consumers. A change with Wonks going from a monopolistic firm to a monopoly has many benefits. The government can benefit from Wonks by this firm being a monopoly simply because they are controlling the market. The company benefits and also they are able to reduce the amount of productivity cost because things are being produced in mass quantities. As for as the customers, they are able to get the product they need at a reasonably cheap price. A monopoly company can have some advantages when it comes to the economy if they have the put the consumers needs to make them happy customers. Reference: 1) Case, K. , Fair, R. , Oster, S. , (2009). Principles of Microeconomics, 9th Edition. Person Learning Solutions. Upper Saddle River, NJ.

The Influence of the Renaissance in Shakespeares Work

The Influence of the Renaissance in Shakespeares Work It’s very easy to think of Shakespeare as a unique genius with a singular perspective on the world around him. However, Shakespeare was very much a product of the radical cultural shifts that were occurring in Elizabethan England during his lifetime. When Shakespeare was working in the  theater, the Renaissance movement in the arts was peaking in England. The new openness and humanism are reflected in Shakespeare’s plays. The Renaissance in Shakespeares Time Broadly speaking, the Renaissance period is used to describe the era when Europeans moved away from the restrictive ideas of the Middle Ages. The ideology that dominated the Middle Ages was heavily focused on the absolute power of God and was enforced by the formidable Roman Catholic Church. From the 14th century onward, people started to break away from this idea. The artists and thinkers of the Renaissance did not necessarily reject the idea of God. In fact, Shakespeare himself may have been Catholic. The Renaissance cultural creators did, however, question humankind’s relationship to God. This questioning produced enormous upheaval in the accepted social hierarchy. And the new focus on humanity created new-found freedom for artists, writers, and philosophers to be inquisitive about the world around them. They often drew on the more human-centered classical writing and art of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration. Shakespeare,  the Renaissance Man The Renaissance arrived in England rather late. Shakespeare was born toward  the end of the broader Europe-wide Renaissance period, just as it was peaking in England. He was one of the first playwrights to bring the Renaissance’s core values to the theater. Shakespeare embraced the Renaissance in the following ways: Shakespeare updated the simplistic, two-dimensional writing style of pre-Renaissance drama. He focused on creating human characters with psychological complexity. Hamlet is perhaps the most famous example of this.The upheaval in social hierarchy allowed Shakespeare to explore the complexity and humanity of every character, regardless of their social position. Even monarchs were portrayed as having human emotions and were capable of making terrible mistakes. Consider King Lear or Macbeth.Shakespeare utilized his knowledge of Greek and Roman classics when writing his plays. Before the Renaissance, these texts had been suppressed by the Catholic Church. Religion in Shakespeares Time Elizabethan England endured a different form of religious oppression than that which had dominated the Middle Ages. When she took the throne, Queen Elizabeth I forced conversions and drove practicing Catholics underground with her imposition of the Recusancy Acts. These laws required citizens to attend worship in Anglican churches. If discovered, Catholics faced stiff penalties or even death. Despite these laws, Shakespeare did not appear to be afraid to write about Catholicism nor to present Catholic characters in a favorable light. His inclusion of Catholicism in his works has led historians to hypothesize that the Bard was secretly Catholic. Catholic characters included Friar Francis ( Much Ado About Nothing),  Friar Laurence (Romeo and Juliet), and even  Hamlet. At the very least, Shakespeare’s writing indicates a thorough knowledge of Catholic rituals. Regardless of what he may have been doing secretly, he maintained a public persona as an Anglican. He was baptized in and buried at  Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, a Protestant church.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Free Essays on Jumpers Knee

JUMPER’S KNEE TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction A. Mechanism of injury B. Signs and symptoms II. Prevalence of Jumper’s knee in volleyball players III. Anatomy A. Bones B. Ligaments C. Muscles D. Retinaculum E. Nerves F. Vascular supply IV. Medical Interventions A. Medications B. Surgical and Non-surgical repair C. Immobilization V. Rehabilitation A. Treatment concerns B. Operative and non-operative routes C. Specific rehabilitation protocols recommended D. Modalities E. Progression F. Return to activity VI. References Jumper’s Knee 3 Many injuries occur every day, and a common injury is Jumper’s Knee. Jumper’s Knee is another name for patellar tendonitis. This injury is the inflammation of the patellar tendon. Inflammation can also occur in the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps tendon is where the quadriceps muscles come together and inserts on the superior aspect of the patella. The patellar tendon connects the patella to the tibia. The exact anatomy will be looked at in more depth later in the paper. Information about the causes and symptoms of Jumper’s Knee, the prevalence this injury has to volleyball players, medical interventions, and the rehabilitation will also be addressed. There are many mechanisms that can result in patellar tendonitis. The most common mechanism is constant repetitive jumping. Accelerating to the jump, decelerating before the jump, and landing after the jump are all factors that can cause the inflammation (Roy & Irvin, 1983,p. 342). Other mechanisms include sudden or repetitive eccentric knee extension. The forceful extension may initiate the inflammation and that can lead to the patellar tendon degeneration (Arnheim & Prentice, 2000, p.533). Small tears that develop from the repetitive trauma to the area usually cause the pain that is felt (lipscombclinc.com). Putting unequal l... Free Essays on Jumpers Knee Free Essays on Jumpers Knee JUMPER’S KNEE TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction A. Mechanism of injury B. Signs and symptoms II. Prevalence of Jumper’s knee in volleyball players III. Anatomy A. Bones B. Ligaments C. Muscles D. Retinaculum E. Nerves F. Vascular supply IV. Medical Interventions A. Medications B. Surgical and Non-surgical repair C. Immobilization V. Rehabilitation A. Treatment concerns B. Operative and non-operative routes C. Specific rehabilitation protocols recommended D. Modalities E. Progression F. Return to activity VI. References Jumper’s Knee 3 Many injuries occur every day, and a common injury is Jumper’s Knee. Jumper’s Knee is another name for patellar tendonitis. This injury is the inflammation of the patellar tendon. Inflammation can also occur in the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps tendon is where the quadriceps muscles come together and inserts on the superior aspect of the patella. The patellar tendon connects the patella to the tibia. The exact anatomy will be looked at in more depth later in the paper. Information about the causes and symptoms of Jumper’s Knee, the prevalence this injury has to volleyball players, medical interventions, and the rehabilitation will also be addressed. There are many mechanisms that can result in patellar tendonitis. The most common mechanism is constant repetitive jumping. Accelerating to the jump, decelerating before the jump, and landing after the jump are all factors that can cause the inflammation (Roy & Irvin, 1983,p. 342). Other mechanisms include sudden or repetitive eccentric knee extension. The forceful extension may initiate the inflammation and that can lead to the patellar tendon degeneration (Arnheim & Prentice, 2000, p.533). Small tears that develop from the repetitive trauma to the area usually cause the pain that is felt (lipscombclinc.com). Putting unequal l...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Research Paper Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Paper Summary - Essay Example Similarly, new strategies can be integrated slowly with traditional methods that worked in order to arrive at the right product. This strategy is important to business organizations in the sense that it is responsive to the changes in the competitive, challenging modern environment of business. Secondly, the process of making strategy, according to Mintzberg, must be well choreographed and intended to herald action. Nevertheless, he suggests strategies can yield effective outcomes in their original status or when reformed. Thirdly, Mintzberg’s (1987) argument that strategists do not have to be senior members of the management is in line with the course readings. The sourcing of strategists from within an organization is particularly important because such individuals are well conversant with the inner-workings of the organization; they have the capacity to achieve the needed goals within the prevailing organizational culture. The course readings about strategy management are in line with Mintzberg’s analogy of a potter and how they are connected with their work in that, in both cases, the strategists must be individuals who have passion in pursuing the best for the company. Lastly, unfavorable conditions may prevent the ideal potter from creating a piece of art, despite having a mound of ready clay, but as a strategist, he or she may use the lump to make an equally important item that is different from the one planned before. In the same way potters do their job strategies do arise from time to time and anywhere (Mintzberg, 1987). As such, strategists must be prepared to postpone plans, create new products and have the capacity to turn errors into opportunity. By seeking the input of craftsmen and women who are devoted, passionate and intimately mesmerized by the materials they use to create an end product, the process

Friday, October 18, 2019

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Recruitment and Selection Strategies - Essay Example It starts with the hunt for new employees and it continues till a pool of application is generated out of which new employees are selected. To develop a good strategy an organization an organization should always keep itself updated on the opening that are present in it , openings that may be required and positions that are potentially going to be vacant in the future. An organization should target the positions needed immediate fillings first, but it is best to predict the vacancies and plan for recruitment as this ensures that the quality of recruitment activities stays good. Requirements for a certain type of position should be fully understood for better recruitment. The performance level required, the experience needed by the potential employee should ne properly be established. The organization should identify that the vacant post can be best filled by external recruitment or internal recruitment. Some organizations feel that employee referrals are very effective forms of recruitment source (Lisa Guerin, 2007). Vacancies are mostly properly advertised. Human resources personnel involved in recruitment should have proper training and experience so that they can judge the skills and parameters required for the job and determine if they are present in the candidate or not. Evaluation methods of candidates should be described (Linda L. Neider, 2003). The most popular evaluation methods are written tests, interviews, psychometric tests (Carter, 2004) or a combination of these. Things that affect the recruitment process are the organizations objectives and policies, the government policies and labor laws, the source of recruitment traditionally used by an organization, the current needs of the organization and the costs affiliated with the recruitment (Rouse, 2007) The recruitment challenges faced by organizations are that the labor in some countries has aged and the pension costs are becoming high. In the modern day the organizations invite employees from all around the world (Hook, 2008), to generate a larger candidate pool the organizations use modern sources like outsourcing. Organizations outsource their recruitment activities to another organization which screens candidates initially according to organizational requirements given to it so that its employer organization can select employees from its screened candidate pool (Ian Beardwell, 2007). The advantage of this is that even if the company is not planned for a vacancy it can forward its need to the outsourcing organization and get a desired employee in lesser amount of time. It also creates competitive advantage by speeding up the process of recruitment; it helps the management to stay focused on other things rather then the generation of a candidate pool. These organizations usually negotiate salaries on the behalf of their employers to save time and resources of its employers. Poaching and raiding is also another way of acquiring talent, in this the organizations attract and employee a person who is already an

Describe the impact of regulation and standards on an organization and Assignment

Describe the impact of regulation and standards on an organization and its stakeholders - Assignment Example In fact, shareholders get motivated to take part in the issues affecting the organization only when they receive inducements beyond the value of their contributions. A responsible team of management should always involve shareholders in all stages of important decision making. Organizational management must be extra careful while making vital decisions on behalf of the stakeholders more so on matters of new technology otherwise the project may not succeed. It is important to note that there is a growing demand for information technology in the contemporary society making investment inevitable. All the stakeholders ought to be informed on the need of investing in any particular IT project. This calls for a rigorous business case justifying the need for the new venture. This involves ways of accessing costs and expected returns. General Motors Company had been faced with net loss in 1980 due to stiff competition from foreign companies. This necessitated them to spend $40 billion in a program that would see it regain its position in the market through implementation of new technology that would see the company manufacture fuel efficient vehicles as demanded by the market. Most stakeholders who consisted of managers, investors, and the local community had varying feelings about the idea and the management decided to overlook them which eventually landed the company in huge spending. The genesis of this problem was on the failure of the management to involve all the stakeholders in decision making. Krajewski, M. (2003). National regulation and trade liberalization in services: The legal impact of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) on national regulatory autonomy. The Hague [u.a.: Kluwer Law Internat. Ulrich, D., Goldsmith, M., & Carter, L. (2004). Best Practices in Leadership Development and Organization Change: How the Best Companies Ensure Meaningful Change and Sustainable Leadership. Hoboken: John Wiley &

GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 67 Essay

GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 67 - Essay Example Similarly, not having a good distribution infrastructure would cause difficulty in the product reaching the consumer and thus result in a decline in demand for the product. Also, demand for expensive goods in a poor country is very low. Black practices also affect the demand for products adversely. 2. First, Kodak aimed at making the Russian citizens aware of its products and for that it communicated with them through various forms of media; television, radio, print, etc. Promotional campaigns and sponsored events were carried out for this purpose. 1 All the marketing tactics that Kodak implemented were the right measures to take in order to encourage demand in a country that posed numerous challenges otherwise. The measures taken proved to be favorable for both Russia and Kodak and hence were the right tactics to employ. 3. Adjusting its marketing mix for digital photography in Russia should be thought of at a later stage. Since the concept of photography on the whole is new to the nation, it may be a long time before digital photography can be introduced in the market. Kodak needs to first research on whether or not the market for traditional film photography is saturated. Once it has reached the maturity stage in the product lifecycle, it will be a favorable time for change. It is only then that Kodak's digital photography can be launched in Russia. 1.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

R&D 5 Draft of report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

R&D 5 Draft of report - Research Paper Example By the time, a child is two years old the parents must have at least visited more than one health care (Stern AM, 2005). For this purpose, many parents suffer searching for lots of records in form of papers while taking their children for immunization. Since the introduction of Vermont Immunization Register, all vaccinations can be consolidated into one record from all health care providers. This process is also secure and accurate especially for the parents who are taking their babies for the first immunization (Bonhoeffer J, 2007). The computer system is capable of calculating ages and provides efficient data on data history for the patient undergoing immunization. The computerized immunization systems also come with an advantage of informing parents and most patients on when is the next immunization date and process (T, 2006). This information is important especially at school and at sports facilities where students engage. This information is also important for doctors who are ch ecking on patients for their fast time as it provides all he clinical history. 8 The Vermont Immunization Registry is a computer-based system that enables participating health care practices to view accurate vaccination records in a secure manner. The practitioners will be able to access immunization history of each child from their practice and other enrolled Vermont providers. The information could normally be organized into one unified record that is up-to-date (Muzumdar JM, 2009) 8 To become part of the registry, one would require internet access and a computer in the practice. The Registry is carefully designed to ensure that patients’ confidentiality is maintained, as well as that of families and the practice. Access is strictly limited to Vermont health care providers, and a secure server having multiple levels of password protection required houses the Registry. The prospective user also ought to sign a confidentiality agreement prior the

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Journal - Essay Example When asked about my proposed research topic, which is bilingual education, all respondents, except James, disclosed that they do not know anything about it. James, on the other hand, indicated that awareness on the topic was in terms of recognizing that by being bilingual, you can communicate with the other people easily. When asked if they have any opposition to the topic, all responded none. Likewise, their responses to my question: â€Å"what experience, knowledge, and background do they have in my field including both positive / negative experiences†, they all responded none. The audience analysis thereby revealed that the proposed research topic on bilingual education could provide ample opportunities for the audience to enhance their awareness and knowledge on this. Further, since there were no significant oppositions to the subject matter, it is therefore a viable topic. Their demographic factors further indicated that the topic could generally appeal to various ages, status, and

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 67 Essay

GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 67 - Essay Example Similarly, not having a good distribution infrastructure would cause difficulty in the product reaching the consumer and thus result in a decline in demand for the product. Also, demand for expensive goods in a poor country is very low. Black practices also affect the demand for products adversely. 2. First, Kodak aimed at making the Russian citizens aware of its products and for that it communicated with them through various forms of media; television, radio, print, etc. Promotional campaigns and sponsored events were carried out for this purpose. 1 All the marketing tactics that Kodak implemented were the right measures to take in order to encourage demand in a country that posed numerous challenges otherwise. The measures taken proved to be favorable for both Russia and Kodak and hence were the right tactics to employ. 3. Adjusting its marketing mix for digital photography in Russia should be thought of at a later stage. Since the concept of photography on the whole is new to the nation, it may be a long time before digital photography can be introduced in the market. Kodak needs to first research on whether or not the market for traditional film photography is saturated. Once it has reached the maturity stage in the product lifecycle, it will be a favorable time for change. It is only then that Kodak's digital photography can be launched in Russia. 1.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Journal - Essay Example When asked about my proposed research topic, which is bilingual education, all respondents, except James, disclosed that they do not know anything about it. James, on the other hand, indicated that awareness on the topic was in terms of recognizing that by being bilingual, you can communicate with the other people easily. When asked if they have any opposition to the topic, all responded none. Likewise, their responses to my question: â€Å"what experience, knowledge, and background do they have in my field including both positive / negative experiences†, they all responded none. The audience analysis thereby revealed that the proposed research topic on bilingual education could provide ample opportunities for the audience to enhance their awareness and knowledge on this. Further, since there were no significant oppositions to the subject matter, it is therefore a viable topic. Their demographic factors further indicated that the topic could generally appeal to various ages, status, and

The Morals of Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

The Morals of Frankenstein Essay In this essay, I intend to compare the two stories and decide which one I prefer between, the darkness out there and The Lumber-room. The lumber-room is set in the Edwardian times, the main character is called Nicolas, and he is a young child, who is growing up and realising that every thing is not as it seemed, he sets out to seek attention by being mischievous and ends up proving his aunt wrong and using her own lies against her. Nicolas puts a frog in his own bread and milk, probably to shock his aunty, but when his aunt insists constantly that there was no frog in his bread and milk to keep things calm and normal he knew there was being guilty of this act and trys to prove the aunty is wrong without admitting to the fact. Then he makes a fool and out wits his aunt in to thinking that he was trying to get in to the gooseberry garden, where he had been banned from visiting, because of the mornings earlier events. She sat in front of the door watching the entrance to the gooseberry garden trying to stop him from getting in, so he changed his tactics and went inside to look in the lumber-room. He found all sorts of treasures and books he also highlighted how he sees adults, as boring and to serious. It was probably the first time for twenty years that any one had smiled in that lumber room. Then he heard his aunt shouting for him, while she was searching for him, he had tidied up and then went to see what she wanted, she told him she had fallen in to the rainwater tank and told him he had to go and get a ladder, so she could get out. He knew it was his aunt, but this was his chance to get revenge for the lies she told earlier. He said that he did not believe she was his aunt, and that she was the evil one sent to tempt him in to the gooseberry garden, where he was not allowed, he knew not to push it to far and walked away so as not to get his aunt to annoyed so she wouldnt punish him further. He also showed her he is not as stupid as he may seem by telling her about the strawberry jam, but his aunt didnt know it was there. In short, this story is about a young boy whos trying to prove hes not too easily frightened hes imaginative and realises that adults are not with out there own faults, no ones perfect and its not only children who get mixed up. The darkness out there is a turning point story. In this story, there is a young girl about 13 15 years old. She starts of in the story looking at the world in a nice light and talking about fantasy creatures, also how nice her life will be when she grows up, gets a job has kids and a beautiful loving husband the usual 13 15 year old female dream. Then she meets Kerry Stevenson and decides from things other people have said that he is not a very nice person. Then she meets Mrs Rutter and decides she is a innocent sweet old lady, she is in fact not very nice and leaves a German pilot in the woods for two days to die a slow pain full death. The story follows a stereotypical approach to looking at old and young people, these stereotypes soon change as you find more about the characters, as the story goes on Mrs Rutter describes how she left a pilot to die as an act of revenge and Kerry turns out to be quite humane and kind lad. At the end of this story, she is walking home and decides that everything is not as it seems and that not every one is stereotypical. I prefer the lumber-room because of its happier out look on life a carefree childish approach to life, also the way Nicolas out smarts his aunt is amusing and made me laugh. The book formed strong pictures in my mind and was enjoyable and easy to read I believe that the darkness out there uses to much symbolism to convey its point, also the lumber-room is much easier to read less description, more action and lets get down to the facts. In the lumber room the only really long descriptive part, is the part where the hunts man is hunting the stag and is himself being followed by some wolves he doesnt take this at face value and makes the story behind the tapestry much more complex than it actually is. I feel he can identify with the hunts man, as he has also hunted his aunty in his own childish way. I think this is an excellent piece of descriptive writing and describes a young Childs imagination very well, he looks at the tapestry and sees past the plane facts and even comes back to comment on it later saying that he thinks the wolves will eat the stag while the hunts man runs from the wolves. In addition the plot is nowhere as near sinister or riveting, as the darkness out there. This story uses lots of light, dark contrasts to show that things are either a bad or good memories, when she walks down by packers end theres a shadow that falls on her and it gets colder, using metaphors to describe her feelings as a physical feeling rather than a emotional one. The darkness and light story left me feeling sad miserable proving grown ups to be fallible and weak, where as the lumbar room story made me feel alive, excited and amused wanting to read more of his antics.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Homeless Youth targeted by violence and crime

Homeless Youth targeted by violence and crime About: This paper looks into how the homeless youth are at greater risk than other youth people as they are both victims of criminal activities and are potential targets of the state authorities such as the police. Hence it is argued that the homeless youth are at greater risk of been victimized and targeted by criminal activities due to the contextual and environmental factors involved in their daily lives and it is the responsibility of the authorities to make a change in those circumstances rather than targeting their criminal behaviors or punishing them as the homeless youth are caught in an economic and cultural trap. Introduction Youth can be viewed as a demographic category that is historically and culturally constructed (Wyn White,1997 in Mallett et al.2010). Terms such as young people and adolescence are related terms to the youth and how we think of these groups and their abilities, characteristics and nature varies across time, place, culture and social context they inhibit in. According to the academic and policy provision literature in Australia and in alliance with the World Health Organization, young people refer to people who are aged between 12 years to 25 years (Mallett et al. 2010). Our understandings of issues surrounding these young people such as youth delinquency and youth homelessness are shaped and constructed by the social context and discourse to which they have been assigned to (Mallett et al. 2010). Youth homelessness is one of the main concerns in many of the developed as well as some developing nations due to issues of power, violence and social control associated with the homeless youth (Milburn et al. 2007 Hatty et al. 1996). According to the World Health Organization (1993) there are approximately 100 million children living on the streets all over the world without proper care or shelter (WHO, 1993). There is a range of definition to homelessness with little agreement as to what constitutes the homelessness. The most common definition that dominates the publics view point is the rooflessness or the street homelessness, that defines homeless people as those who are sleeping rough and living on the streets (Hutson Liddiard, 1994). The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission in their report defines homelessness as a lifestyle which includes insecurity and transiency of shelter. In its definition of homelessness, it further emphasised that homelessness is not merely li mited to the lack of shelter but also indicates a state of vulnerability to dangers such as abuse due to the detachment from family (Hatty et al. 1996). According to MacKenzie Chamberlain (2006), the basic idea underlying the cultural definition of homelessness is the shared community standards about the minimum level of accommodation people are expected to have in their community. This minimum level of accommodation acts as the basis for the categorization of homelessness as primary, secondary and tertiary categories of homelessness. The primary category includes those without conventional accommodation and are people living on the streets and the secondary homelessness includes those that move around temporary shelter such as boarding houses and short term stays with other households. The tertiary category of homelessness includes people who are in one particular shelter on a medium to long term basis which is defined as minimum 13 weeks (MacKenzie Chamberlain, 2006). This defi nition of homelessness however does not take into account or include all of the homeless population that are at risk and therefore the service providers often use a more broader definition that includes people who are at risk and are attempting to return to secure accommodation (MacKenzie Chamberlain, 2006). The discourse of at risk youth refers to how young people tend to risk their future by engaging in behaviors that would jeopardize a desirable future through engaging in problematic behaviors in the future. This discourse puts the individual at risk soles responsible for changing their behaviors by individualizing the problems and the solutions (Mallet et al. 2010). Therefore, the homeless youth can be viewed within this discourse when looking into their problematic behaviors such as substance abuse or unsafe sex which in turn labels these youth and stigmatizing them against other youth. WHY LEAVE HOME? GENDER RACE ETC Youth homelessness is a major political and social issue in contemporary Australia where a 50,000 homeless youth with approximately 2% aged between 15 24 years was reported by the year 1998 (Chamberlain MacKenzie, 1998, cited in Milburn et al. 2007). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, at year 2006, the homeless population in Australia totaled 105,000 with 16% accounting for absolute homelessness such as sleeping out on the streets or in improvised shelter and the number of homeless youth aged between 12 to 18 years was reported as 17,891 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). These groups of youth are often related with stigma that is associated with deviance and an economically and socially marginalized underclass that created social fears among the public and promote the vulnerability faced by these youth (Blackman, 1997). They are also three times more likely to be arrested for juvenile crimes due to their homelessness (Kaufman Spatz Wisdom, 1999 cited in Thra ne et al. 2008). In this essay I will argue that the groups of homeless youth are at greater risk than other groups of youth due to the greater vulnerability to deviant behaviors and that these deviant behaviors are social constructions that are mostly related to the public perceptions, space and place and as a result are targeted by the law enforcement authorities, mainly the police due to the contextual factors associated with their life style. Why at greater risk? Many studies have been published on the homeless youth and their involvement in the criminal activities (Miles Okamoto, 2008) and it is revealed that the homeless and runaway youth are at higher risks of offending and in engaging in deviant behavior (Thrane et al. 2008) as while on the streets they are always exposed to environments with criminal activity and violence (Miles Okamoto, 2008). Homeless young people are typically viewed as leading risky and chaotic lives with addictions and mental and other health problems that threaten their well-being (Mallett et al. 2010). They often have poor health and well-being due to high level of substance use and abuse and are at higher levels of risk in contracting sexually transmitted disease and experiencing victimization. The key areas of risk related behaviors among homeless youth include drug and alcohol use, physical and mental health issues, unsafe sexual practices and sexual health as well as violence (Mallett et al. 2010). Assaultin g behavior, shoplifting, drug dealing and prostitution to earn money for food are well known crimes among homeless youth (Thrane et al. 2008). Homeless youth are also represented as a high risk population with respect to HIV infections as a result of complex psychological and social forces they are exposed. With the freedom from parental and other social controls at young age, these youth has a greater ability to engage in deviant and risky behaviors which includes sexual risk activities which puts this vulnerable population at higher risk for HIV than their housed counter parts (Milburn et al. 2007). These behaviors can also be explained by their attitude towards their own bodies. With little or no option in life, these young people view their bodies as the last resort or personal capital they own. It is also the last thing they can exercise control or choice over as well as the only thing available for free. This can lead to regarding the body as the final resource for pleasure th at encourages them to extend the body to its limits by use of different substances and by other forms of self inflicted injuries and self abuse (Blackman, 1997). These criminal activities play a major role in constructing the image of homeless youth as dangerous and deviant (Miles Okamoto, 2008). These young people are further at risk of being victimized by criminal activity because of the unlikelihood of them reporting such crimes to the police and the lack of control they have over the environment they live in (Baron 1997; Kipke et al. 1997 cited in Miles Okamoto, 2008). However, it is important to understand the way the context of the street creates a complex set of issues for homeless youth due to negative peer affiliations, exposure to crime, violence and substance use that acts as part of the lived experience of the homeless youth (Miles Okamoto, 2008). According to Blackman (1997), the homeless youth groups has sunken themselves in a localized subculture where specific strategies are used for coping with the threats faced in their everyday lives which he calls the cultural immersion that often acts as an element of a culture of survival. Problems of hunger and shelter lead to offenses from theft of food to serious theft and together with these, problems of unemployment and shelter brings out prostitution (McCarthey Hagan, 1992). This reveals the situational context of the deviances and crimes related to the homeless youth. Therefore, we can suggest that much of the deviant behavior the homeless youth engages in were produced by the conditions they live in and hence in addressing these implications policy on changing the situation context of the streets plays a bigger role than simply focusing on punishment methods (Miles Okamoto, 2008). Why target by the police? Police forces have always had an implicit responsibility in maintaining surveillance on the activities of youth cultures and young people in public spaces in order to ensure their welfare as well as to maintain good order. With regards to homeless youth, the police have been responsible in taking action to remove young people from potentially dangerous and unsafe home environments and these contacts with homeless youth and the capacity of the police to caution with some level of discretion over the prosecution of offences is important in the way that police interacts with youth (Smith, 1995). These discretions and contacts may either be positive or negative depending on number of factors. According Mark Finnane from Griffiths University, the police have often shown some level of discretion over their responses to offences against good order with factors such as class, race, gender and ethnicity of the young person in offence carrying some influence on the manner the police would proc eed with the offence creating a difference in the way young people are treated for offences (Finnane cited in White Alder, 1994). This is particularly relevant in regards to the Aboriginal homeless youth in Australia with serious concerns raised on the relationship between Aboriginal young people and the juvenile justice system (Cunneen, 1995). Aboriginal homeless young people are often subjected to police surveillance with more aggressive police interventions, intimidations and harassments in their day to day lives (Smith, 1995). The Indigenous people were also over represented in all states of the homeless population in Australia (MacKenzie Chamberlain, 2008) as well as in public custody and juvenile detention centers (Cunneen, 1995). Unemployed and with little or no disposable income and with more time in hand, the spaces homeless young people inhabit are more likely to be of risk and violence and as a result they are continually exposed to aggressions which are far from their choosing (Blackman, 1997). Also due to the little social connections they have within the rest of the homeless youth, these young people tend to gather around in public spaces more often that other young people. Due to commercialization where more public space is been taken off for commercial purposes the young homeless youth tend to meet and socialize in shopping centers and other similar places where they become obvious targets of the law enforcement authorities (Smith, 1995). Therefore, need for negotiating public space is a main factor that attracts the police forces to homeless youth as the police carries the responsibility in maintaining good order where as the homeless youth are in search of claiming space of themselves for shelter a nd survival. The relationship between the police and homeless youth are also affected by the public perception of homeless young people (Finnane cited in Smith, 1995). The publics attitude that in return affects the local policies has the ability to increase or decrease the level of social control or strain for homeless youth (Miles Okamoto, 2008). The media portrayal of social problems like homelessness has a great impact on the formation of public attitudes as the media acts as the main source of information to many people (Hutson Lididard, 1994). For example, when the term juvenile delinquency was first presented in the media in the 1950s with a view of youth culture as deviant or delinquent, increasing policing measures were made in order to keep youth cultures under surveillance. Incidents as such provide evidence of a clear relationship between public perception, the media presentations and public policy (Smith, 1995). And these policies and attitudes could result in alienating and stigma tizing the homeless young people by acting as a barrier to achieve positive goals and forcing negative relationships with their communities and authorities (Miles Okamoto, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, young people living on the streets have typically exited from households with conflict and violence into the streets where they experience threats and acts of violence by other homeless and street predators as well as by those in authority particularly the police (Davis, Hatty Burke, 1995). It is not surprising that these young people encounter more contacts with the police as much of the homeless people reported incidence of drug, alcohol and other substance abuse and minor petty crimes to major threats (Smith, 1995). These crimes associated with the homeless youth are not simply deviant behaviors that can be individualized but are products of the contextual and environmental factors surrounding these youth. Studies have revealed that many homeless young people (up to 55%) reported contact with the police as a consequence of their homelessness and majority of the respondents reported negative relationships with the police where they were distrustful and fearful of th e police (Thrane et al. 2008) while some mentioning of instances where the police helping them access services and help(Smith, 1995). Therefore, it is important that the authorities look more into the context of these homeless young people who are often disengaged from positive sources and are in need direction and assistance rather than control or punishment and criminalizing the homeless youth.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Symbols and Symbolism Essay: Color as a Tool in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Color as a Tool of Symbolism in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Color is used very effectively as a tool of symbolism in Heart of Darkness. Colors, especially black and white, are used to symbolize evil (black) and good (white). Other colors are also used, although less often than black and white. Throughout the story, people are thought to have white souls or black souls depending on their innate â€Å"goodness† or â€Å"badness† or the role they are fulfilling at the time. The color of a person’s soul is often contrasted to the color of their skin. A black- souled, white-skinned person is thought to be evil and dishonest. â€Å"I met a white man in such an unexpected elegance of getup†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Conrad p.21). This demonstrates how a white man was not expected to be a good person. Elegance of dress was unexpected because the man was white. In comparison, a white-souled, black-skinned person is thought to be truthful and full of integrity. â€Å"An athletic black belonging to some coast tribe and educated by my poor pre decessor†¦.thought all the world of himself.† (Conrad p.45). People are described as black with hatred regardless of skin color. This is further evidence of black being used synonymously with evil. Black isn’t just used to describe evil people. â€Å"Often far away, I thought of these two, guarding the door of Darkness, knitting black wool as for a warm pall†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Conrad p. 14.) The symbolism of black wool at the door of Darkness is clearly pointing to evil, and further supports black as evil. Heath 2 Colors other than black and white are used to describe moods and attitudes past the basic good and evil. Red signifies industry. â€Å"There was a vast amount of red - good to see at any time because one knows that some real work is done in there.† (Conrad p.13). Yellow is seen as a cowardly color. â€Å"I was going into the yellow. Dead in the center.† (Conrad p.13). Pale denotes Death. It is also used this way in the Bible, â€Å"the Pale ho rse and his rider Death†, Revelations 6:8. â€Å"She came forward, all in black, with a pale head, floating towards me in the dusk. She was in mourning. It was more than a year since his death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Conrad p. 72-73). The use of color is effective in the story for a variety of reasons. First, it is easy to understand.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Magical Realism as Applied to the Field of Psychology Essay -- Magical

Magical Realism as Applied to the Field of Psychology Throughout time, one finds many different categories of literature. Magical Realism, a relatively new category, seems to be one of, if not the most, controversial category of the last century. Magical Realism combines a magical, often grotesque, element with a reality based background and allows the reader to view life in a more profound way. The field of psychology, specifically the case of the Wild Child known as Genie, parallels very closely with the ideals of Magical Realism. Magical Realism may combine two worlds or realms, allowing the reader to see beyond his or her own world. This merging of two realms is a characteristic common to Magical Realism (Faris 172). The two worlds may be fantastic, sublime, or even realistic. Genie, the Wild Child discovered in 1970, somehow managed to survive for thirteen years even though she was imprisoned in a solitary room by her own father. She was never loved, never spoken to, and was left strapped to a potty chair day after day. When she was not forgotten altogether, she was s...

Friday, October 11, 2019

Multi-agency working in a special school setting

There are about 15,000 kids ( aged under 18 ) with complex and profound acquisition troubles in England ( DCSF, 2008, School Census ) . The Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) define composite and profound tilting troubles in the undermentioned footings: In add-on to really terrible larning troubles, the kids will hold other important troubles, such as physical disablements, centripetal damage or a terrible medical status. They require a high degree of big support, for their personal attention every bit good as for their acquisition demands. They are likely to necessitate centripetal stimulation and a course of study that is broken down into really little stairss. Some kids with profound and multiple acquisition troubles communicate by gesture, oculus pointing or symbols ; others communicate by utilizing really simple linguistic communication. For the intent of this survey, in line with the DCSF definition, pupils with complex and profound acquisition troubles are defined as those who portion two features: a profound cognitive damage or larning trouble ; and a complex interaction of troubles in more than one country of operation. Evidence suggests that locally coordinated proviso is being adopted nationally as a person-centred attack to the demands of kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles ( Hirst and Baldwin, 1994 ) . Despite this, the Further Education Funding Council for Learning Difficulties and/or Disabilities Committee ( FEFC, 1996 ) suggests there are still promotions to be made in be aftering between professional groups in order to advance educational patterned advance and societal inclusion ( Department of Health, 2001 ) . In relation to these findings this paper describes a research survey that aims to measure the effectiveness multi-agency working within a proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles.Multi-agency working: a argument over conceptualizationIn past research, the footings inter-agency and multi-agency have been used interchangeably, doing the construct of multi-agency working less clear. Some research workers, such as Carpenter ( 1995 ) have suggested th at the differentiation between the two is numerical, whereby ; ‘inter-agency ‘ refers to two professionals workings together, such as a instructor and instruction helper, whilst ‘multi-agency ‘ working refers to a state of affairs when there are more than two professional groups are involved, such as a primary school instructor, physical therapist and larning support instructor. Other authors suggest the difference between inter-agency and multi-agency working roots from issues of professional boundaries. For illustration, inter-agency working could be seen as â€Å" like you are traversing into another infinite†¦ † ( Pirrie et al. , 1998, p.213 ) where there are clear function definitions, whilst multi-agency working can be seen as advancing blurred boundaries between professional groups ( Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 ) . The DfES defines multi-agency working as: â€Å" †¦ different services and squads of professionals and other staff working together to supply the services that to the full meet the demands of kids, immature people and their parents or carers. † ( DfES, 2004, p.18 ) . It is believed that the term ‘multi-agency ‘ working screens a wide array of engagement, which could run from meetings between professionals from different bureaus to professionals working collaboratively over long periods of clip and across local communities ( Barnes, 2008 ) . For the intent of this survey, multi-agency working will affect different professionals working together on a regular footing over a considerable period of clip at The Meadows[ 1 ]to run into the demands of the students who attend.Multi-agency working to back up kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles: the demand to organize servicesOver clip, there has been a gradual displacement in the perceptual experience of persons with complex and profound acquisition troubles. Whereby, the medical theoretical account, with its concentration on personal shortage, is bit by bit germinating into a societal theoretical account which highlights the impact of environmental factors, societal factors and entree to educational chances on the lives of those with complex and profound acquisition troubles ( World Health Organization, 2001 ) . The increasing focal point on quality of life has highlighted the demand for professional bureaus to work collaboratively, if those with complex and profound acquisition troubles are to take richer lives ( Mencap, 2000 ; Barnes, 2008 ) . Besides, multi-agency working is being progressively seen as a agency of enabling improved entree to specialist support and resources, easing inclusion and ensuing in raised attainment ( Forbes, 2007 ) . Roaf ( 2002 ) suggests that multi-agency working enables kids with complex educational demands to make their full potency, stating: â€Å" Despite the complexness of their troubles, in school, instructors frequently find that when professionals work closely together, immature people reach their educational potency†¦ † ( p. 2 ) . Roaf ( 2002 ) besides highlights how, in contrast to multi-agency working, accessing services which are fragmented can frequently take to holds in accessing support and kids can at times get ‘lost in the system ‘ . Further research suggests that kids with complex and profound demands frequently experience co-occurring and overlapping troubles ( Maras et al. , 2002 ) which require a holistic appraisal of single demands through multi-disciplinary working. Multi-agency working has been identified as an effectual method of early designation and intercession to turn to complex demands ( Carpenter, 2000 ) and the demand to better multi-agency working to back up persons with complex and profound acquisition troubles was highlighted in the White Paper Valuing People ( Department of Health, DoH 2001 ) . Valuing Peoples advocates a person-centred attack to presenting â€Å" existent alteration in the lives of people with larning disablements † ( p. 5 ) by supplying â€Å" a individual, multi-agency mechanism for accomplishing this † ( p.5 ) . The paper suggests that in order to make the cardinal aim that â€Å" handicapped kids gain maximal life-chance benefits from educational chances, † ( p. 122 ) it is indispensable that wellness attention and societal attention should follow a multi-agency, coordinated attack to back up persons, every bit good as their parents or carers. The overarching purpose of coordinating service s through joint on the job patterns across wellness, societal attention and instruction is to supply a ‘seamless service ‘ ( DfES, 2003, 2004 ) to give kids the best possible start in life and to get the better of the troubles otherwise faced by households through fragmented services ( DoH, 2006 ) . The research base in this country proposes that multi-agency working is a cardinal facilitating factor for enabling kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles to derive improved life-chances and educational chances every bit good as supplying support for parents and carers. The following measure is to see how effectual multi-agency working can be achieved.Pulling on the grounds: factors which facilitate effectual multi-agency workingLiterature from an organizational psychological science perspective suggests that merely seting persons from professional groups together does non needfully take to effectual multi-agency or collaborative working ( Clark, 1993 ; Pirrie et al. , 1998 ) . Alternatively it is proposed that effectual multi-agency working is dependent on broad scope of factors, such as a blurring of professional boundaries which leads to the formation of â€Å" trust, tolerance and a willingness to portion duty † ( Nolan, 1995, p. 306 ) . Besides, success depen ds on the creative activity of a new manner of working that identifies common ends ( Pirrie et al. , 1998 ) , offers clear way at a strategic degree ( Atkinson et al. , 2005 ) and encourages a personal committedness from squad members ( Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 ) . Guidance from Every Child Matters: alteration for kids, provinces: To work successfully on a multi-agency footing you need to be clear about your ain function and aware of the functions of other professionals ; you need to be confident about your ain criterions and marks and respectful of those that apply to other services, actively seeking and esteeming the cognition and input others can do to presenting best results for kids and immature people. ( DfES, 2004, p. 18 ) A elaborate survey carried out with 139 members of multi-agency squads ( Local Government Area Research Report 26 ; Atkinson et al. , 2002 ) found that the primary accomplishments identified for successful multi-agency working across a scope of scenes include: a committedness from all involved ; understanding ain and other ‘s functions and duties ; holding common purposes and aims to work towards ; effectual communicating and information sharing ; strong leading ; holding support or resources needed ; and good working relationships and holding equal clip. Sloper ( 2004 ) found factors at an organizational degree which facilitate multi-agency working include: the planning, execution and on-going direction of multi-agency services ; clear and realistic purposes and aims that are easy understood and accepted ; clearly defined functions and duties with clear lines of answerability ; strong leading from a multi-agency guidance or direction group ; guaranting good systems of communicating and information sharing at all degrees ; and an agreed timetable and incremental attack for alteration. In drumhead, scenes where effectual multi-agency working has been established with a strong committedness from professionals involved has lead to better results for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles ; nevertheless, the manner in which this is achieved is non simple. There are cardinal constituents identified within the research which are thought to ease multi-agency working but accomplishing effectual multi-agency working is non a straightforward procedure and may change from one puting to another. Based on a reappraisal of the literature around factors which affect multi-agency working, repeating subjects include: the apprehension of functions and duties ; effectual communicating and information sharing ; positive working relationships between persons from different bureaus ; and organizational factors such as how multi-agency working is managed.The Present StudyAt a whole-school staff meeting, The Meadows identified a desire to measure the effectivity of multi-age ncy working centered on students with complex and profound acquisition troubles. At this meeting the school staff reported that they would wish to measure current multi-agency working within the school to larn about how that might be improved for future service bringing. This was so discussed at a planning meeting affecting the research worker, the school SENCo ( Particular Educational Needs Coordinator ) and deputy caput instructor. The present survey is an explorative probe into multi-agency working within this specialist proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles. The context for this survey is The Meadows School which was established in September 2000 following the reorganization of proviso for kids with particular educational demands in Newtown[ 2 ]and is now presently the lone primary school within Newtown Local Authority catering for the demands of kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles or disablements. In September 2006, The Meadows moved into a edifice which was trade name new and purpose built. Along with instruction and schoolroom support staff, the school is supported by a multi-agency squad of: physical therapists, occupational healers, address and linguistic communication healers, a specializer instructor of the visually impaired, a specializer instructor of the hearing impaired, clinical psychologist, educational psychologist and medical staff, such as the school nurse and the adviser baby doctor. There are presently 124 kids go toing The Meadows, runing in age from 2 old ages to 11 old ages. All are described as holding complex and profound acquisition troubles, which include: terrible autism, complex medical conditions, physical and mobility troubles, every bit good as terrible developmental hold. There is a high proportion of students from an cultural minority background and a little figure of looked after kids who attend The Meadows. An OFSTED review in summer 2007 rated the school as being ‘Good ‘ overall and the undermentioned were rated as outstanding: Foundation Stage proviso, Personal Development and Well-being, Care, Guidance and Support and Curriculum Activities. OFTSED study that â€Å" There are first-class working relationships with other suppliers and bureaus and these have a positive consequence on the development of course of study activities. †PurposesThe purpose of this survey is to measure the effectivity of multi-agency working at The Meadows. This will be achieved by replying the undermentioned inquiries: 1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows? 2. How do multi-agency professionals ( MAPs ) at The Meadows perceive their ain and others ‘ functions? 3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing?MethodProcedureThis survey was conducted over a four month period from September to December, 2010. Table 1 nowadayss a timeline which illustrates the process ( informations aggregation methods are described in more item in the Measures subdivision of this survey ) .TimeActionRADIO theoretical account ( Timmins et al. , 2003 ) phaseSeptemberOn an informal visit to the scene, The Meadows staff mentioned a demand for research to be conducted within the school. They felt research could assist the school develop future service bringing. I suggested a treatment is held with school staff to place some possible research countries. Phase 1: Awareness of demand raised by the school.Early OctoberI met with school SENCo to discourse possible research countries. The rating of multi-agency working is agreed. I was asked to carry on the research. Phase 2: Invitation to move is given by the SENCo on behalf of the schoolMid OctoberI met with the SENCo, early old ages coordinator and deputy caput instructor to discourse research inquiries and purposes to be investigated. Phase 3, 4 & A ; 5: Identifying stakeholders and discoursing who the results will impact and holding the focal point of concern.End OctoberA research brief is emailed ( See Appendix One ) sketching the purposes of the research, research aims, attack, methodological analysis, timings and contact inside informations, including why information will be collected and how it would be used. Staff are asked to supply feedback on research brief. Phase 5 & A ; 6: Identifying stakeholders and discoursing the focal point of concern every bit good as determining a model for informations assemblage.Early NovemberI visited The Meadows to carry on a semi-structured interview with the early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor to larn about the school and how multi-agency on the job maps. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 1.Mid NovemberI conducted observations over two forenoons ( about seven hours ) to roll up informations. The intent was to depicting four things: the accomplishments and cognition staff were using in their function, working relationships between multi-agency staff, how multi-agency working was structured or organised and what sort of support was offered by MAPs. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 1.End NovemberI explored student files for information. The intent was to measure the accomplishments and cognition MAPs were using in their function and how multi-agency working was structured. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 1.DecemberData was collected through the usage of questionnaires. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 2.MeasuresThe overarching purpose was to measure multi-agency working at The Meadows with an involvement in placing ways of developing future support for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles at the school. A multi-method attack was used affecting two stages. Phase one, was chiefly analytic-inductive ( Robson, 2002 ) , using an interpretative attack as the footing for question, whereby, semi-structured interviews were conducted, pupil files were explored and observations were used to bring forth rich, qualitative information. Phase two consisted of structured questionnaires used to look into subjects originating from the interview responses and research relationships between variables to bring forth quantitative informations. Semi-structured interviews I visited The Meadows to carry on a semi-structured interview with the early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor to larn about the school and how it operates as a multi-agency squad. A semi-structured attack with open-ended interview inquiries was used, as suggested by Cohen and Manion ( 1989 ) to let the research worker to be flexible throughout the oppugning procedure, so that a free-flow of information could be achieved. An interview agenda of inquiries was created based on subjects which had emerged from a reappraisal of the literature. A list of possible inquiries was written ( see Appendix Two ) to motivate the interviewer sing the cardinal points to cover and subjects to turn to. As recommended by Robson ( 2002 ) there was flexibleness over the sequencing of inquiries, their exact diction and the sum of clip and attending given to different subjects depending on the response of the participant. The interviews were tape recorded which Robson ( 2002 ) suggests is good pattern to supply comprehensive informations for ulterior analysis. This method besides allowed me to concentrate on edifice resonance which is an built-in portion of a successful interview procedure ( Dexter, 1970 ) . At the start of each interview I described the interview procedure, about how long it should last, and the general topics to be covered. I asked the interviewee ‘s permission to enter replies and reassured confidentiality. The interviewees were asked if they had any inquiries before get downing the interview and once more at the terminal. After the interviews were complete, through informal treatment, participants were asked to reflect on the interview procedure. From feedback, it was found that respondents felt they had been able to reply inquiries in their ain clip and in their ain manner. Participants said they felt relaxed and liked my interview manner, as it was informal and â€Å" set them at easiness. † Observations I conducted observations over two forenoons and observed 15 members of staff working across four categories including, instructors, larning support practicians, physical therapists and address and linguistic communication healers. Before get downing observations, I introduced herself by mentioning to the information outlined in the research brief and inquiring for each participant ‘s consent to be portion of the research procedure. The observation technique involved analyzing a scope of grownups working with kids and depicting four things: the accomplishments and cognition staff were using in their function, working relationships between multi-agency staff, how multi-agency working was structured or organised and what sort of support was offered by MAPs. This was recorded on an observation record sheet ( see Appendix Three for sample record sheet ) . As proposed by Robson ( 2002 ) , information was recorded during observations and extra information was added shortly after each observation period, including interpretative thoughts and subjective feelings. Questionnaires The purpose was to try as broad a scope of bureaus as possible and cod informations through the usage of questionnaires from a scope of professionals from different bureaus who support students at The Meadows. An explanatory missive, along with a structured questionnaire ( See Appendix Three ) were sent to each member of staff at The Meadows through the usage of the school ‘s internal postal system and through electronic mail besides. The questionnaire was structured into six subdivisions. These subdivisions were based on subjects originating from the reappraisal of literature, interviews and observations conducted antecedently. The six subdivisions were as follows: background information, which explored the respondents ‘ function and clip worked at The Meadows ; communicating between MAPs including: teaching staff ; physical therapists ; occupational healers ; address and linguistic communication healers ; a specializer instructor of the visually impaired ; a specializer instructor of the hearing impaired ; clinical psychologist ; and educational psychologist. apprehension of ain and other multi-agency professional ‘s functions at The Meadows ; positions on administration and construction of multi-agency working at The Meadows as these facilitated or inhibited each respondent ‘s ain work and overall multi-agency working within the school ; environmental factors which may impact multi-agency working ; and other Factors act uponing multi-agency working. The inquiries were a mixture of open-ended inquiries which had no predetermined response options and needed respondents to enter their replies in sentences and scaling inquiries which required respondents to click a corresponding response on a five-point ordinal graduated table. A pilot questionnaire was administered to four participants. Through informal inquiring, respondents gave feedback which was incorporated into the concluding questionnaire design. 20 questionnaires were returned ( N=20 ) from a scope of bureaus, including: larning support helpers ( N=3 ) ; educational psychologist ( N=1 ) ; occupational healer ( N=1 ) ; address and linguistic communication healers ( N=2 ) ; physical therapist ( N=1 ) ; instructors ( N=6 ) ; librarian ( N=1 ) ; and senior Management staff ( N=5 ) .ConsequencesThe consequences will be reported in relation to the research aims below: 1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows? 2. How do MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and others ‘ functions? 3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing?How is multi-agency working organised/structured at The Meadows?In order to derive insight into how The Meadows operates as a multi-agency squad, observations across the school were conducted, pupil files held at Newtown Inclusion Support were explored and information was gathered through interviews with the school ‘s early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor. Contented analysis of the informations from observations and interviews ( See Appendix Four for process ) suggests that The Meadows operates as an operational multi-agency bringing squad. Diagrammatic representation of this type of attack is provided in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 Operational squad bringing theoretical account During the interviews participants ( caput teacher, early old ages coordinator and deputy caput instructor ) were asked to name all the bureaus that on a regular basis work at The Meadows and depict how services are coordinated and delivered to back up students at the school. From their responses, it was possible to build a figure to demo the bureaus and their connection ( See Figure 1.2 ) . When asked, interviewees described multi-agency working at The Meadows as â€Å" a scope of experts who work in close propinquity and work together to present support to students, † ( head teacher ) with the overall purpose being, to accomplish â€Å" a bipartisan exchange of cognition, thoughts and accomplishments † ( head teacher ) between all those involved ( as indicated in Figure 1.2 ) .The Meadows Multi-agency squad bringing theoretical accountFigure 1.2 The Meadows ‘s multi-agency squad bringing theoretical account. Health professionals: physical therapist, occupational healer, address and linguistic communication healers, clinical psychologist, pediatric adviser, Educational Psychologist. Education professionals: Educational Psychologist, instructors, larning support practicians, senior direction, co-ordinators. Other services: Parents, voluntaries, meal-time supervisors, site staff, disposal staff, drivers, librarian Social services: Social workers. The purpose of the operational bringing squad was reported to be for professionals from different bureaus to work together on a daily footing and to organize a cohesive multi-agency squad that delivers a person-centered service straight to students who attend The Meadows. By utilizing this attack senior direction at The Meadows hope to supply a â€Å" seamless service for parents † which offers a broad comprehensiveness of expertness, accomplishments and experience and hope this attack encourages â€Å" joined up believing † between bureaus, â€Å" an efficient free flow of information † and would promote â€Å" more creativeness. † Through questionnaires, MAPs who work at The Meadows were asked to rate their cognition and apprehension of assorted structural and organizational elements of multi-agency working at The Meadows such as the staffing construction and the organisation of the course of study. Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which they were involved in determining these elements and how they impacted on their engagement in multi-agency working. Chart 1 below represents the mean questionnaire response from staff ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) . The responses were divided into three groups: senior direction, learning staff ( including larning support practicians ) and professionals who are employed by external bureaus such as address and linguistic communication healers, occupational healers, physical therapists and psychologists. This was done to see whether there were differences between groups. Although evaluations across all countries were high for all groups, it was found that senior direction rated their cognition of the construction of The Meadows and engagement in determining service bringing as highest across most classs. Teaching staff rated 2nd highest across the same countries and external bureaus rated lowest across these countries. This suggests that external bureaus perceive they have the lowest apprehension of The Meadows ‘s course of study, the least chances for joint planning and preparation bringing and the least input into future service bringing. Qualitative responses on the questionnaires from professionals employed by external bureaus, suggest that clip restraints are the chief ground for the deficiency of engagement in joint planning and preparation. Additionally, during interviews some staff reported that some MAPs do non hold a clear apprehension of The Meadows ‘s thematic course of study, which leads to them to propose extra marks which are ill-fitting with the curriculum marks already in topographic point. It was felt this frequently puts increasing demands on learning staff who are responsible for implementing marks suggested by external bureaus.How make MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and other ‘s functions?Through questionnaires MAPs were asked to name the cardinal accomplishments and cognition they considered that they implemented in their function at The Meadows. This information was triangulated with informations from observations and single student files. Figure 2 illustrates the cardinal accomplishments and cognition used by multi-agency staff at The Meadows in their daily working. Figure 2. diagrammatic representation of cardinal accomplishments and cognitionCommon Skills & A ; Knowledge– specializer cognition ;– assessing pupil advancement ;– communication with other professionals & A ; parents ; and– experience.Address and Language Therapists:– cognition of communicating development and swallowing troubles ; and – mark linguistic communication and option signifiers of communicating.Physical therapists:– expertness in all right and gross motor development ; and – placement and seating options.Teaching Staff( including larningsupport practicians ) :– communication with parents & A ; a broad scope of professionals ; – experience of working with kids with a broad scope of demand ; and – program, learn & amp ; assess student advancement.Educational Psychologist:– advice on behavior direction rules ; -advice on accessing the course of study ; and – support student ‘s academic development. The cardinal circle in Figure 2. entitled ‘Common Skills and Knowledge ‘ , identifies a set of common accomplishments that all MAPs employed in their work at The Meadows. The qualitative responses from questionnaires suggested that some MAPs felt that there was some â€Å" function convergence † and â€Å" deficiency of lucidity † sing the cardinal duties of some professionals they worked with, which at times lead to repeat in the work carried out by different persons, peculiarly when measuring student advancement. This will be explored further in the Discussion subdivision of this paper. The following measure was to research how staff at The Meadows perceived their ain functions. Through questionnaires staff were asked to rate statements associating to their function and the functions of other MAPs. Consequences are presented in Chart 2 ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) . The bulk of MAPs felt that they had a really good apprehension of their ain function and others ‘ functions. All staff members viewed themselves chiefly as a member of The Meadows ‘s staff squad. Those who are employed by an external bureau viewed themselves as chiefly members of The Meadows staff squad and besides view themselves as portion of an external bureau. Qualitative responses from this group suggest that some persons found that belonging to two administrations can be â€Å" hard to pull off at times, † can sometimes be â€Å" frustrating † and can at times â€Å" lead to conflict. † Overall, respondents felt that professional boundaries were non hard to traverse and they perceived that professional boundaries were somewhat blurred. Through questionnaires, staff were asked to rate the grade to which they understood the functions of other professionals who worked at The Meadows and how often they had contact with them. The consequences are presented in Chart 3 ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) . The consequences show that there are fluctuations in the degree of apprehension of some professional functions and in the degree of contact with some professional groups. From the mean overall responses it is suggested that most respondents felt they had the clearest apprehension of the functions of: teaching staff, larning support practicians, address and linguistic communication healers, the instructor of the visually impaired, nursery nurses, the wellness attention squad and disposal staff. These groups were besides rated as holding the highest degree of contact, which suggests that high contact can take to better apprehension of others ‘ functions. There was least contact with the clinical psychologist, the instructor of the hearing impaired, societal workers and the educational psychologist. Qualitative responses from the questionnaire suggested that clip limitations affect contact with some professional groups, particularly those with merely one member such as the clinical psychologist, the instructor of the hearing impaired, societal workers and the educational psychologist, which adversely impacted other workers ‘ apprehension of the function.How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing?In general, respondents believed that multi-agency working at The Meadows was effectual and well-organised. However, qualitative responses suggested some countries for possible betterment were: clip restraints, deficiency of communicating and function ambiguity. Through qualitative responses on questionnaires it was suggested that communicating between MAPs was an country which could be addressed to better future service bringing at The Meadows. Seven cardinal elements to better communicating were identified, these were: systems in topographic point to let confidential exchange of information between bureaus for illustration, through secure web waiters ; chances for multi-agency meetings at regular intervals and available on a ‘as needed ‘ footing ; chances to run into as a whole staff with all MAPs who work at The Meadows to construct better working relationships ; a dependable point of contact to mention to for information and counsel when MAPs are non in school or non readily available ; a shared country on the school ‘s intranet where MAPs can portion information, programmes and how to implement recommendations ; guarantee disposal staff have a clear apprehension of the duties of MAPs who visit the school and are notified of when they are due to see ; and guaranting communicating with parents presents a â€Å" clear and cohesive image, † ( deputy caput instructor ) particularly when many professional bureaus are involved and there is possible for conflicting advice. Suggestions for bettering the apprehension of other multi-agency professionals ‘ functions were contributed as a manner of bettering future service bringing at The Meadows. Five perceived cardinal elements to better apprehension were identified. These were: a profile of each multi-agency professional who operates at The Meadows that other school staff can mention to, for information about their functions and duties ; more contact with MAPs. Classroom-based staff suggested it would be helpful if MAPs spent more clip in category ( if possible ) and had more chances to work straight with learning staff, kids and parents ; more chances created for joint planning between MAPs and classroom-based staff. more staff meetings to specify functions and construct professional relationships ; and more multi-agency engagement in the school ‘s â€Å" visioning yearss † where future service bringing is discussed.Reliability, cogency and generalisabilityIt is of import to observe some of the restrictions of this peculiar survey. One such restriction is that the findings are specific to one peculiar scene and limited to the minute in clip the survey was conducted. It can non be assumed that consequences can be generalised to other instances and fortunes. The attack used in this survey does hold the potency to give conceptually rich, psychological histories of complex phenomena ( Turner, 1992 ) .The design of this survey was developed based on treatments with school staff and the research worker ‘s ain contemplations, doing it likely that prejudices exist which limit the dependability and cogency ( define and be specific ) of findings. For illustration, the steps used and the research design were determined by the research worker ‘s perceptual experiences of what the school would happen good and of import. Another possible restriction is that trying was across a figure of bureaus in this survey, nevertheless, there are other bureaus which were non involved that would hold been utile to include, the most noteworthy being societal workers, farther it would hold been helpful to research parents ‘ positions. The choice of bureaus and interviewees may hold led to the consequences being skewed. In footings of informations aggregation steps used, there are a figure of strengths and restrictions to each which are summarised below. Semi-structured Interviews: This attack allows some grade of flexibleness and provides a wealth of verbal and non-verbal rich and enlightening information ( Robson, 2002 ) . However, this attack lacks standardisation and can raise concerns over dependability ( Robson, 2002 ) . Besides, the flexibleness of this attack increases the likeliness of interviewer prejudice which can impact the cogency and dependability of responses. Focused Observations: The observation informations provided rich, qualitative information embedded within the context of the scene ( Robson, 2002 ) which added to the face cogency and dependability of the informations collected. However, experimental informations are capable to reading by the perceiver and trust on what the perceiver chooses to go to to. Besides, a deficiency of multiple perceivers can impact the dependability of reported informations. Questionnaires: This attack allowed a scope of persons to be involved in the research which may non hold been possible otherwise, due to clip restraints. Questionnaire response rate may hold been increased if the questionnaire could hold been shortened or conducted at a more convenient clip. Since content analysis was carried out by one research worker this may besides hold led to researcher prejudice. In footings of overall dependability and cogency of this survey, it is of import to observe that by utilizing a multi-method attack and triangulating the findings from several methods of informations aggregation ; it is possible to better dependability and cogency ( Robson, 2002 ) .Discussion and decisionsThe intent of this survey was to measure the effectivity of multi-agency working within a proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles by replying the undermentioned inquiries: 1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows? 2. How do MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and others ‘ functions? 3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing? When turn toing the first inquiry, it was noted that The Meadows maps as an operational multi-agency bringing squad. This attack relies to a great extent on effectual communicating and a high degree of committedness from all bureaus involved ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 ) . It relies on the effectual sharing of information and resources every bit good as the demand to happen clip to construct good working relationships between bureaus ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 ; Roaf and Lloyd, 1995 ) . When working within this theoretical account of service bringing, it is extremely of import to construct cognition and apprehension of each other ‘s functions, duties and precedences in order to advance cooperation between bureaus ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 ; Easen, 1998 ; McConkey, 2001 ) . When compared to staff who were for good based at The Meadows, such as learning staff and senior direction at the school, bureaus which are employed by external administrations, had the least apprehension of The Meadows ‘s course of study and rated their engagement in joint planning and staff preparation as lowest. Qualitative informations supported the position that that these countries were a possible failing in multi-agency working at The Meadows and that by turn toing the restrictions in these countries, future service bringing could be improved. In peculiar, it was suggested that MAPs should hold a clear apprehension of the alone course of study The Meadows provides for each single student. Pupils work on a â€Å" thematic course of study based on chance † ( head instructor ) , which includes elements of the National Curriculum and besides is separately tailored to supply chances to develop accomplishments and experiences in countries such as personal and societal instruction, communicating, independency and drama relevant to each kid. Rushmer and Pallis ( 2002 ) suggest that for an administration to accomplish its ends and aims, the work of single squad members must be linked into a consistent form of activities and relationships. The consequences from this survey suggest there is a set of common accomplishments that all MAPs employed in their work at The Meadows, viz. : specializer cognition, measuring student advancement, pass oning with other professionals every bit good as parents and pulling upon old experience. In relation to these findings, other research suggests that blurred professional boundaries and deficiency of lucidity around functions and duties can constitue a barrier to integrated working ( Cameron and Lart, 2003 ) . In contrast, other research has shown that joint-working relies upon the meeting of the accomplishment, experience and cognition of each professional to bring forth positive results that merely working together can accomplish ( Rushmer and Pallis, 2002 ) . When look intoing how multi-agency working at The Meadows could be improved for future service bringing, staff felt that betterments could be made to the effectivity of communicating between professional groups and where there is function ambiguity originating from integrated working ( Percy-Smith, 2005 ; Stewart, Petch, & A ; Curtice, 2003 ) . For case, there is ambiguity around the different functions and duties of professional bureaus who work at the school. Expand on this†¦ The consequences of this survey are supported by findings from old research on multi-agency working which suggest that clip is a cardinal hinderance to effectual multi-agency working ( Gill, 1989 ; Hudson, 2003 ; Lloyd-Bennett & A ; Melvin, 2002 ; Stead et al. , 2004 ; Walker, 2003 ) . This survey indicates that The Meadows could develop communicating and apprehension. This could be encouraged through increased articulation working and chances for contact through meetings and preparation, better cognition of each other ‘s functions would besides assist persons work together efficaciously. Encouragingly, professionals at The Meadows are by and large happening joint working a good and positive experience and are acute for it to develop. Through a mixed-method attack this survey captures the sentiments and contemplations of a group of professionals who have developed successful coaction to back up kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles who attend The Meadows and has explored ways in which this success can be built upon for future pattern.Word Count: 5,798MentionsAnning, 2001 Atkinson et al. , 2002 Bank, 1992 Barnes, 2008 Barnes, 2008 Brown and White ( 2006 ) Cameron and Lart, 2003 Cameron and Lart, 2003 ) . 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